1.General Surgery and its Specialties
General surgery is a surgical specialty that focuses on abdominal contents including esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, appendix and bile ducts, and often the thyroid gland. The concepts of general surgery are anatomy, physiology, metabolism, immunology, nutrition, pathology, wound healing, shock and resuscitation, intensive care and neoplasia. General surgery includes diagnosis, preoperative, operative and postoperative management and its complications. Laparoscopic techniques are also included in general surgery. A general surgeon is trained to manage a broad spectrum of surgical conditions affecting any area of the body and such hopital surgeon are the key to advancement in sugical technology. It is a surgical specialty that focuses on abdominal contents including esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, appendix and bile ducts, and often the thyroid gland (depending on local referral patterns).
General Surgery and its Specialties inculdes It includes head and neck surgery, pediatric surgery, surgical critical care, surgical oncology, trauma and burns, transplants and vascular surgery. The exact profile of a general surgeon's practice may vary depending on whether the practice is in an academic centre, an urban community or a more rural centre.
2.Pediatric surgery
Pediatric surgery is a subspecialty of surgery involving the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatric surgeons treat children from the newborn stage through late adolescence. They choose to make pediatric care the core of their medical practice, and the unique nature of medical and surgical care of children is learned from advanced training and experience in practice. Circumcision, appendectomy most common pediatric surgeries. Pediatric surgery is also defined as the diagnostic, operative, and postoperative surgical care for children with congenital and acquired anomalies and diseases, be they developmental, inflammatory, neoplastic or traumatic.
Pediatric surgeons are medical doctors who have had
At least 4 years of medical school
Five additional years of general surgery
Two additional years of residency training in pediatric surgery
Certification by the American Board of Surgery
Pediatric surgeons treat children from the newborn stage through late adolescence. They choose to make pediatric care the core of their medical practice, and the unique nature of medical and surgical care of children is learned from advanced training and experience in practice. Pediatric surgeons diagnose, treat, and manage children’s surgical needs including:
Surgical repair of birth defects
Diagnosis and surgical care of tumors
Transplantation operations
All other surgical procedures for children
3.Oral and Maxillofacial surgery
Oral and maxillofacial surgery is a surgical specialty focusing on reconstructive surgery of the face, facial trauma surgery, the oral cavity, head and neck, mouth, and jaws, as well as facial cosmetic surgery. It encompasses diagnosis, surgical and related management of various conditions such as impacted/embedded teeth misaligned jaws, facial pain and trauma, snoring/obstructive sleep apnoea and oral cancer. Major complex surgery in OMFS is exciting, and often collaborative. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons are trained to recognize and treat a wide spectrum of diseases, injuries and defects in the head, neck, face, jaws and the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region. They are also trained to administer anesthesia and provide care in an office setting.
Oral and maxillofacial surgeons are trained to recognize and treat a wide spectrum of diseases, injuries and defects in the head, neck, face, jaws and the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region. Oral maxillofacial surgeons are oral surgeons, but they have undergone additional training to address more complex dental and medical issues. These highly-skilled surgeons have extensive training in dental medicine, often addressing problems associated with the head, mouth, jaws, and neck
4.Neurosurgery
Surgical specialty which deals with nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord and nerves of the body. Neurosurgeons also referred to as brain surgeons Some neurosurgeons specialize in a specific area of the nervous system while others practice on the brain, neck, and spine.Neurosurgery, or neurological surgery, is the medical specialty concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, surgical treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, central and peripheral nervous system, and cerebrovascular system.
Most Common Neurosurgery Procedures are
Spinal fusion: this surgery is done to treat a spine that is degenerating, to keep the spine stable.
Ventricoluperitoneal shunt: a shunt implanted is used to drain excess fluid accumulation in the brain.
Ventriculostomy: A tube is used to pull out excess brain fluid without implantation
Neuro-oncology
Neurovascular surgery
Paediatric neurosurger
Skull base surgery
Spinal surgery
Traumatology
Endovascular and cerebrovascular neurosurgery
Functional neurosurgery
Neuro-oncology skull base surgery
Neuroscience intensive care
5.Plastic surgery
Plastic surgery, as relatively safe as it is, can have complications and each patient's medical history can present different risks. Your plastic surgeon should be readily forthcoming with information about risks and potential complications. It is a surgical specialty involving the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be divided into two main categories: reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery. Reconstructive surgery includes craniofacial surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of burns. The skin is lifted off the deeper facial tissue, redraped more tightly, and the excess skin is removed. The incisions are then closed with sutures. The deeper tissues of the face and neck may also be tightened. Blepharoplasty, or eyelid surgery may be done at the same time.
The term Plastic Surgery comes from the Greek word plastike (teckhne) or the art of modeling or sculpting. The profession dates back to approximately 800 BC in India where forehead flaps were utilized to reconstruct amputated noses. Plastic surgeons may work with both children and adults. Breast reconstruction, skin and soft tissue cancer procedures, head and neck reconstruction, treatment for cleft lip and palate, burns and trauma surgery trauma includes road traffic accidents, sporting injury and violent incidents are few works which is the main part of most of the plastic surgeons
Aesthetic plastic surgery
Reconstructive surgery
Craniofacial surgery
Reconstructive microsurgery
Paediatric plastic surgery
Laser surgery
Hand surgery
6.Ocular surgery
Eye surgery, also known as ocular surgery, is surgery performed on the eye or its adnexa, typically by an ophthalmologist. The eye is a very fragile organ, and requires extreme care before, during, and after a surgical procedure to minimise or prevent further damage. During LASIK eye surgery, an eye surgeon creates a flap in the cornea (A) — the transparent, dome-shaped surface of the eye that accounts for a large part of the eye's bending or refracting power. Then the surgeon uses a laser (B) to reshape the cornea, which corrects the refraction problems in the eye.
An expert eye surgeon is responsible for selecting the appropriate surgical procedure for the patient, and for taking the necessary safety precautions. Mentions of eye surgery can be found in several ancient texts dating back as early as 1800 BC, with cataract treatment starting in the fifth century BC. Since the eye is heavily supplied by nerves, anesthesia is essential. Local anesthesia is most commonly used. Topical anesthesia using lidocaine topical gel is often used for quick procedures. Since topical anesthesia requires cooperation from the patient, general anesthesia is often used for children, traumatic eye injuries, or major orbitotomies, and for apprehensive patients.
Although the terms laser eye surgery and refractive surgery are commonly used as if they were interchangeable, this is not the case. Lasers may be used to treat nonrefractive conditions (e.g. to seal a retinal tear). Laser eye surgery or laser corneal surgery is a medical procedure that uses a laser to reshape the surface of the eye to correct myopia (short-sightedness), hypermetropia (long-sightedness), and astigmatism (uneven curvature of the eye's surface). Importantly, refractive surgery is not compatible with everyone, and people may find on occasion that eyewear is still needed after surgery.
7.Anaesthesiology
Anesthesiology, anaesthesia or anaesthetics is the medical speciality concerned with the total perioperative care of patients before, during and after surgery. It encompasses anesthesia, intensive care medicine, critical emergency medicine, and pain medicine.
An anesthetist, also known as a nurse anesthetist, is a registered nurse trained to safely administer anesthesia. ... Anesthesiologist: An anesthesiologist is a licensed medical doctor who specializes in administering anesthetics before, during and after medical procedures. Anaesthesiology deals with the initiation and clinical procedure, chemicals and tools that may help in inducing temporary loss of sensation in whole or a particular region of body. It is commonly used in dentistry and surgery as a means of clinical pain management during and after surgery. Anaesthesiologist is trained to provide pain relief and to maintain a stable condition during and immediately following an operation or any diagnostic or obstetric procedure.
Orthopaedic Anaesthesia
Ambulatory Anaesthesia
Critical Care Anaesthesia
Neurosurgical Anaesthesia
Paediatric Anaesthesia
Obstetric Anaesthesia
8.Orthopaedic surgery
Orthopedics is a medical specialty that is specifically devoted to the care of the musculoskeletal system, meaning the anatomy of the human body, specifically muscles, bones, ligaments, nerves, joints, tendons, and connective tissues. Orthopaedic surgery is a specialty dealing with acute injuries, congenital and acquired disorders and chronic arthritic or overuse conditions of the bones, joints and their associated soft tissues, including ligaments, nerves and muscles.
Paediatric Orthopaedics
Shoulder Surgery
Spine Surgery and Scoliosis
Physical Therapy
Total Joint Arthroplasty
Orthopaedic Trauma and Post-Traumatic Reconstruction
Podiatric Medicine and Surgery
Sports Medicine
Orthopaedic Oncology
Adult reconstruction and joint replacement
Paediatric orthopaedics
Rehabilitation
9.Surgical oncology
Surgical Oncology a surgical specialty relates to cure and management of cancer. Cancer has become a medical specialty warranting its own surgical area because of advances in the biology, pathophysiology, diagnostics, and staging of malignant tumors. Principles which guides and governs the surgical oncology are cancer patient's cure, palliative care, and quality of life.Cancer surgery removes the tumor and nearby tissue during an operation. A doctor who treats cancer with surgery is called a surgical oncologist. Surgery is the oldest type of cancer treatment. And it is still effective for many types of cancer today.
These are the most common types and forms of oncological surgery
surgery to diagnose cancer,surgery to stage cancer,curative surgery,radical surgery,surgery to debulk cancer,palliative surgery,supportive surgery,reconstructive surgery,preventive (prophylactic) surgery.
Maxillary Cancer surgeries
Pedicled and free flap repair
Onco-plastic surgeries
Oesophagectomy
Wertheim's Operation
Endometrial cancer surgeries
10.Robotic Surgery
Robotic surgery are types of surgical procedures that are done using robotic systems. Robotically-assisted surgery was developed to try to overcome the limitations of pre-existing minimally-invasive surgical procedures and to enhance the capabilities of surgeons performing open surgery. Robot-assisted surgery integrates advanced computer technology with the experience of the skilled surgeons. Robotic surgery permits doctor to perform many types of complex procedures with more precision, flexibility and control than is possible with conventional techniques
Robotic surgery, or robot-assisted surgery, allows doctors to perform many types of complex procedures with more precision, flexibility and control than is possible with conventional techniques. Robotic surgery is usually associated with minimally invasive surgery — procedures performed through tiny incisions. The first documented use of a robot-assisted surgical procedure occurred in 1985 when the PUMA 560 robotic surgical arm was used in a delicate neurosurgical biopsy, a non-laparoscopic surgery.
Gastrointestinal surgery
Cardiothoracic surgery
Da Vinci surgical System
ZEUS Robotic Surgical system
AESOP Robotic system
11.Acute Care Surgery
Acute Care Surgery is a comprehensive textbook covering the related fields of trauma, critical care, and emergency general surgery. The full spectrum of Acute Care Surgery is expertly addressed, with each chapter highlighting cutting-edge advances in the field and underscoring state-of-the-art management paradigms. Acute care surgery is characterized as the urgent assessment and treatment of nontrauma general surgical emergencies involving adults. More specifically, this model of health care delivery surrounds the optimal treatment of intra-abdominal surgical crises. Acute surgical emergencies often represent the most common reason for hospital admission.
Surgical critical care
Burn surgery
Ambulatory Surgery
Trauma and Emergency surgery
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Paediatric Acute care
12.Surgeons and Physicians
Surgeons treat injuries, diseases, and deformities through operations. Using a variety of instruments, a surgeon corrects physical deformities, repairs bone and tissue after injuries, or performs preventive or elective surgeries on patients. Surgeons are physicians who specialize in the treatment of injury, disease, and deformity through operations. Using a variety of instruments, and with patients under general or local anesthesia, a surgeon corrects physical deformities, repairs bone and tissue after injuries, or performs preventive surgeries on patients with debilitating diseases or disorders. Although a large number perform general surgery, many surgeons choose to specialize in a specific area.
Surgical Specialties
Cardiothoracic Surgery
General Surgery
Neurosurgery
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Otolaryngology
Paediatric Surgery Plastic Surgery
Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery
Physician has always been one of gathering patient data and treating disease, of caring and curing, and of bringing science and humanism together to benefit patients. This role has defined the profession across time and cultures. Physicians and surgeons diagnose and treat injuries or illnesses. Physicians examine patients; take medical histories; prescribe medications; and order, perform, and interpret diagnostic tests. They often counsel patients on diet, hygiene, and preventive healthcare.
13. Cardiothoracic surgery
Cardiothoracic surgery (also known as thoracic surgery) is the field of medicine involved in surgical treatment of organs inside the thorax (the chest)—generally treatment of conditions of the heart (heart disease) and lungs (lung disease).It involves the operative management, perioperative care, and critical care of patients with pathological conditions within the chest. Cardiothoracic surgeon specializes in surgical procedures of the heart, lungs, esophagus, and other organs in the chest.
Gastroesophageal reflux
Lung cancer
Benign diseases and tumours of the lung
Oesophageal cancer
Chest wall tumours
Sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating)
Plication for diaphragm paralysis
14. Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic surgery
Hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery is used to treat cancers and diseases of these organs. It includes the resection (removal) of primary and metastatic (secondary) tumours of the liver, gall bladder, bile duct and pancreas. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery is used to treat cancers and diseases of these organs. It includes the resection (removal) of primary and metastatic (secondary) tumours of the liver, gall bladder, bile duct and pancreas.
Acute Pancreatitis
Ampullary Cancer
Benign Liver Tumours
Bile Duct Cancer
Cryosurgery
Liver Biopsy
Liver Cysts
Liver Resection
15. Colorectal surgery
Colorectal surgery is a field in medicine dealing with disorders of the rectum, anus, and colon. The field is also known as proctology, but this term is now used infrequently within medicine and is most often employed to identify practices relating to the anus and rectum in particular.
Abdominal Adhesions
Anal Cancer
Bowel Obstruction
Colon Cancer
Crohn’s Disease
Enterocutaneous Fistula
Gastrointestinal Complications of Cancer
Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine (Carcinoid) Tumours
